Ranunculaceae
RANUNCULACEAE, in botany, a natural order of Dicotyledons belonging to the subclass Polypetalae, and containing 27 genera with about 500 species, which are distributed through temperate and cold regions but occur more especially beyond .the tropics in the northern hemisphere. It is well represented in Britain, where n genera are native. The plants are mostly herbs, rarely shrubby, as in Clematis, which climbs by means of the leaf-stalks, with alternate leaves, opposite in Clematis, generally without stipules, and flowers which show considerable variation in the number and development permission of Swan/'son 1 of parts but are characterized by free f em . , FIG. I. Gynoecium hypogynous sepals and petals, numerous of R anun c U i US : x, free stamens, usually many free one-celled carpels (fig. 2) and small seeds containing a minute straight embryo embedded in a copious endorsperm. The parts of the flower are generally arranged spirally on a convex receptacle. The fruit is one-seeded, an achene (fig. 3), or a many-seeded follicle (fig. 4), rarely, as in Actaea, a berry.
receptacle with the points of insertion of the stamens, which have been removed.
The order falls into several well-defined tribes which are distinguished by characters of the flower and fruit; all are "From Strasburger's Lehrtuch da Bolanik, by permission of Gustav Fischer.
FIG. 2. Ranunculus arvensis. Carpel in longitudinal section. (After Baillon, enlarged.)
FIG. 3. Single follicle showing dehiscence by the ventral suture.
FIG. 4. Fruit of Columbine (Aquilegia) formed of five follicles.
represented among British native or commonly grown garden plants.
Tribe I. Paeonieae, peony group, are mostly herbs with deeply cut leaves and large solitary showy flowers in which the parts are spirally arranged, the sepals, generally five in number, passing gradually into the large coloured petals. The indefinite stamens are succeeded by 2-5 free carpels which bear a double row of ovules along the ventral suture. Honey is secreted by a ring-like swelling round the base of the carpels, which become fleshy or leathery in the fruit and dehisce along the ventral suture. There are only three genera, the largest of which, Paeonia, occurs in Europe, temperate Asia and western North America. P. officinalis is the common peony.
Tribe II. Helleboreae are almost exclusively north temperate or subarctic; there are 15 genera, several of which are represented in the British flora. The plants are herbs, either annual, e.g. Nigella (love-in-a-mist), or perennial by means of a rhizome, as in Aconitum or Erantkis (winter aconite). The leaves are simple, as in Caltha, but more often palmately divided as in hellebore (fig. 6), aconite {fig. 5) and larkspur. The flowers are solitary (Eranthis) or in FIG. 5. Five-partite leaf FIG. 6. Pedateleafof Stinking Helleof Aconite. bore (Helleborus foetidus). It is a palmately-partite leaf, in which the lateral lobes are deeply divided. When the leaf hangs down it resembles the foot of a bird, and hence the name.
cymes or racemes, and are generally regular as in Caltha (king-cup, marsh marigold), Trollius (globe-flower), Helleborus, Aquilegia (columbine); sometimes medianly zygomorphic as in Aconitum (monkshood, aconite) and Delphinium (larkspur). The carpels, generally 3 to 5 in number, form in the fruit a many-seeded follicle, except in Actaea (baneberry), where the single carpel develops to form a many-seeded berry, and in Nigetta, where the five carpels unite to form a five-chambered ovary. There is considerable variety in the form of the floral envelopes and the arrangement of the parts. The outer series, or sepals, generally five in number, is generally white or bright-coloured, serving as an attraction for insects, especially bees, as well as a protection for the rest of the flower. Thus in Caltha and Trollius the sepals form a brilliant golden-yellow cup or globe, and in Eranthis a pale yellow star which contrasts with the green involucre of bracts immediately below it; in Nigella thev are blue or yellow, and also coloured in Aquilegia. In Hellebore the greenish sepals persist till the fruit is ripe. A conitum and Delphinium differ in the irregular development of the sepals.
the posterior sepal being distinguished from the remaining four by its helmet-shape (Aconitum) or spur (Delphinium). In Caltha there are no petals, but in the other genera there are honey-secreting and storing structures varying in number and in form in the different genera. In Trollius they are long and narrow with a honey-secreting pit at the base, in Nigella and Helleborus (fig. 7) they form short- FIG. 7. Helleborus niger. I, vertical section of flower; 2, nectary, side and front view (nat. size).
stalked pitchers, in Aquilegia they are large and coloured with a showy petal-like upper portion and a long basal spur in the tip of which is the nectary. In Delphinium they are also spurred, and in Aconitum form a spur-like sac on a long stalk (fig. 8). The parts of the flower are gene- ^~^-v**t\\ ra !'y arranged in a ^=i. s X^A\ spiral (acyclic), but are sometimes hemicyclic, the perianth forming a whorl as in winter aconite; rarely is the flower cyclic, as in Aquilegia (fig. 9) where FIG. 9. Floral diagram of Columbine (Aquilegia) showing regular cyclic arrangement.
FIG. 8. Part of the flower of Aconite (Aconitum Napellus), showing two irregular horn-like petals p, supported on grooved stalks o. These serve as nectaries, s, the whorl of stamens inserted on the thalamus, and surrounding the pistil.
the parts throughout are arranged in alternating whorls. In Caltha, where there are no petals, honey is secreted by two shallow depressions on the side of each carpel.
Tribe III. Anemoneae, with 8 genera, are chiefly north temperate, arctic and alpine plants, but also pass beyond the tropics to the southern hemisphere. They differ from the two preceding tribes in the numerous carpels, each with only one ovule, forming a fruit of numerous achenes. They are annual or perennial herbs, erect as in Anemone, Thalictrum (meadow-rue) and many buttercups, orcreeping as in Ranunculus repens; the section Batrachium of the genus Ranunculus (q.v.) contains aquatic plants with submerged or floating stems and leaves. The flowers are solitary, as in Anemone Pulsatilla (Pasque flower) and the wood anemone, or cymose as in species of Ranunculus, or in racemes or panicles as in Thalictrum. The parts are spirally arranged throughout as in Myosurus (mouse- tail), where the very numerous carpels are borne on a much elongated receptacle, or Adonis (pheasant's eye), or the perianth is whorled as in Anemone and Ranunculus. In Anemone there is a whorl ( foliage leaves below the flower, as in Eranthis. In Anemone and Thalictrum there is only one series of perianth leaves, which are petaloid and attractive in Anemone where honey is secreted by modified stamens, as in A. Pulsatilla, or, as in A. nemorosa (wood anemone), there is no honey and the flower is visited by insects for the sake of the pollen; in Thalictrum the perianth is greenish or Fii;. io. Petal of Crowfoot ( Ranunculus), bearing at the base a honey gland protected by a scale, s.
slightly coloured and the flower is wind-pollinated (T. minus) or vittttti for its pollen. In Ranunculus and Adonis a calyx of green protective sepals is succeeded by a corolla of showy petals; in Ranunculus (fig. io) there is a basal honey-secreting gland which is absent in Adonis. In Anemone the achenes bear the persistent naked or bearded style which aids in dissemination; the same purpose is served by the prickles on the achenes of Ranunculus arvensis.
Tribe IV, Clematideae comprise the genus Clematis (..), characterized by its shrubby, often climbing habit, opposite leaves and the valvate, not imbricate as in the other trills, aestivation of the sepals. The usually four sepals are whorled and petaloid, the numerous stamens and carpels are spirally arranged; the flowers are visited by insects for the sake of the abundant pollen. The fruit consists of numerous achenes which are generally prolonged into the long feathery style, whence the popular name of the British species, old man's beard (Clematis fitalba). The genus, which contains about 170 species, has a wide distribution, but is rarer in the tropics than in temperate regions.
Special articles will be found on the more important genera of Riuninculaceae, e.g. Aconitum, Adonis, Anemone, Baneberry (Actaea), Clematis, Columbine, Hellebore, Ranunculus.
Note - this article incorporates content from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, (1910-1911)
