Palindrome
PALINDROME (Gr. toKlv, again, and5p6juo5, a course), a verse or sentence which runs the same when read either backwards or forwards. Such is the verse - Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor; or Signa te, signa, temere me tangis et angis; or Som.e have refined upon the palindrome, and composed verses each word of which is the same read backwards as forwards: for instance, that of Camden - Odo tenet mulum, rnadidam mappam tenet Anna, Anna tenet mappam madidam, mulum tenet Odo.
The following is still more complicated, as reading in four ways - upwards and downwards as well as backwards and forwards: - s A T o R A R E P O TENET OPERA ROTAS PALINGENESIS (Gr. (koKi.v, again, ytviais, becoming, birth), a term used in philosophy, theology and biology. In philosophy it denotes in its broadest sense the theory (e.g. of the Pythagoreans) that the human soul does not die with the body but is " born again " in new incarnations. It is thus the equivalent of metempsychosis (q.v.). The term has a narrower and more specific use in the system of Schopenhauer, who applies it to his doctrine that the will does not die but manifests itself afresh in new individuals. He thus repudiates the primitive metempsychosis doctrine which maintains the reincarnation of the particular soul. The word " palingenesis '' or rather " palingenesia '' may be traced back to the Stoics, who used the term for the continual re-creation of the universe by the Demiurgus (Creator) after its absorption into himself. Similarly Philo speaks of Noah and his sons as leaders of a " renovation " or " re-birth " of the earth. Josephus uses the term of the national restoration of the Jews, Plutarch of the transmigration of soids, and Cicero of his own return from exile. In the New Testament the properly theological sense of spiritual regeneration is found, though the word itself occurs onlj' twice; and it is used by the church fathers, e.g. for the rite of baptism or for the state of repentance. In modern biology (e.g. Haeckel and Fritz Miiller)
" palingenesis " has been used for the exact reproduction of ancestral features by inheritance, as opposed to " kenogenesis " (Gr. Kaivbs new), in which the inherited characteristics are modified by environment.
Note - this article incorporates content from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, (1910-1911)
