Paeligni
PAELIGNI, a people of ancient Italy, first mentioned as a member of a confederacy- which included tne Marsi, Marrucini and Vestini iqg.v.), with which the Romans came into conflict in the second Samnite War, 325 B.C. (Lw. \Tii. 29). On the submission of the Samnites they all came into alliance with Rome in 305-302 B.C. (Liv. is. 45, x. 3, and Diod. xx. loi), the PaeUgnians ha\ing fought hard (Diod. xx. 90) against even this degree of subjection. Each of them was an independent unit, and in none was there any town or community poUtically separate from the tribe as a whole. Thus the Vestini issued coins in the 3rd ceniur>'; each of them appears in the hst of the aUies in the Social War (.\ppian. B.C. i. 39, with J. Beloch, Der italische Bund unter romischer Hegtmonie, p. 51). How purely Italic in sentiment these communities of the mountain country- remained appears from the choice of the mountain fortress of Corfinium as the rebel capital. It was renamed Vitellio, the Oscan form of Itaha, a name which appears, written in Oscan alphabet, on the coins struck there in 90 B.C. (see R. S. Conway, The Italic Dialects, p. 216).
The inscriptions we possess are enough to show that the dialect spoken by these tribes was substantially the same from the northern boundary of the Frentani to some place in the upper Aternus valley not far from Amiternum (mod. Aquila), and that this dialect closely resembled the Oscan of Lucania and Samnium, though presenting some peculiarities of its own, which warrant, perhaps, the use of the name North Oscan. The clearest of these is the use of postpositions, as in Vestine Poimunie-n, " in templo Pomonali "; pritrom-e, i.e. in proximum, " on to what lies before you." Others are the sibUation of consonantal i and the assibUation of -di- to some sound Like that of English j ( denoted by B in the local variety of Latin alphabet), as in vidadu, " \-iamd6," i.e. " ad-viam "; Musesa = Lal. Mussedia ; and the loss of d (in pronunciation) in the ablative, as in aetatu firata fertlid (i.e. actate fertili finita), where the contrast of the last with the other two forms shows that the -d was an archaism still occasionally used in writing. The last sentence of the interesting epitaph from which this phrase is taken may be quoted as a specimen of the dialect; the stone was found in Pentima, the ancient Corfinium, and the verj' perfect style of the Latin alphabet in which it is written shows that it cannot well be earlier than the last century B.C.: " Eite uus pritrome pacris, puus ecic lexe Hfar," " ite vos porro pacati (cum bona pace), qui hoc scriptum (Ithar, 3rd decl. neut.) legistis." The form lexe (2nd plur. perf. indie.) is closely parallel to the inflection of the same person in Sanskrit and of quite unique Hnguistic interest.
The name Paezigni may belong to the NO-class of Ethnica (see S.\BtNi), but the difference that it has no vowel before the suffix suggests that it may rather be parallel with the suffix of Lat. prvdgnus. If it has any connexion with Lat. paelex, " concubine," it is conceivable that it meant " halfbreeds," and was a name coined in contempt by the conquering Sabines, who turned the tonta Maronca into the community of the Marrucini iq.i\). But, when unsupported by direct evidence, even the most tempting etymologj' is an unsafe guide. For the history of the Paehgni after 90 B.C. see the references given in C. I. L. is. 290 (Sithno, esp. Ovid, e.g. Fasti, iv. 79, Ainor. ii. 16; Florus ii. 9; Caes., B.C., i. 15) and 296 (Corfinium, e.g. Diod. Sic. xxx\'ii. 2, 4, Caes., B.C., i. 15). None of the Latin inscriptions of the district need be older than Sulla, but some of them both in language and script show the style of his period (e.g. 3087, 3137); and, on the other hand, as several of the native inscriptions, which are all in the Latin alphabet, show the normal letters of the Ciceronian period, there is Uttle doubt that, for religious and private purposes at least, the Paehgnian dialect lasted down to the middle of the 1st century B.C.
Paelignian and this group of inscriptions generally form a most important fink in the chain of the ItaUc dialects, as without them the transition from Oscan to Umbrian would be completely lost. The unique collection of inscriptions and antiquities of Pentima and the museum at Sulmona were both created by the late Professor Antonio de Nino, whose brilliant gifts and unsparing devotion to the antiquities of his native district rescued every single Paelignian monument that we possess.
For further details and the text of the inscriptions, the placenames, AsS:c.. see R. S. Conway, The Italic Dialects, pp. 235 sqq., and the earlier authorities there cited. (R. S. C.)
Note - this article incorporates content from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, (1910-1911)
