Mesoxalic Acid
MESOXALIC ACID (dioxymalonic acid), (HO 2 C) 2 C(OH) 2 or Ie, is obtained by hydrolysis of alloxan with baryta water (J. v. Liebig, Ann., 1838, 26, p. 298), by warming caffuric acid with lead acetate solution (E. Fischer, Ann., 1882, 215, p. 283), or from glycerin diacetate and concentrated nitric acid in the cold (E. Seelig, Ber., 1891,'24, p. 3471). It crystallizes in deliquescent prisms and melts with partial decomposition at 1 19-1 20 C. It behaves as a ketonic acid, being reduced in aqueous solution by sodium amalgam to tartronic acid, and also combining with phenylhydrazine and hydroxylamine. It reduces ammoniacal silver solutions. When heated with urea to 100 C. it forms allantoin. By continued boiling of its aqueous solution it is decomposed into carbon dioxide and glyoxylic acid, C 2 H 4 O4. MESOZOA. Van Beneden ' gave this name to a small group of minute and parasitic animals which he regarded as intermediate between the Protozoa and the Metazoa. The Mesozoa comprise two classes: (i) the Rhombozoa, which are found only in the kidneys of Cephalopods, and(2)the Orthonectida, which infest specimens of Ophiurids, Polychaets,Nemertines, Turbellaria and possibly other groups.
Class I. RHOMBOZOA (E.vanBeneden). These animals consist of a central cell from which certain reproductive cells arise, enclosed in a single layer of flattened and for the most part ciliated cells; some of them are modified at the anterior end and form the polar cap. The Rhombozoa comprises two orders: (a) Dicyemida, ciliated vermiform creatures whose polar cap has 8 or 9 cells arranged in two rows (Dicyema, Koll., Dicyemennea, Whitm.) ; (b) Heterocyemida, non-ciliated animals with no polar (From Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii. "Worms, cap, but whose anterior etc.," by permission of Macmillan & Co. Ltd. After ectodermal cells contain Gamble.) refringent bodies and may be produced into wart-like processes ( Conin- ocyema, v. Ben. in Octopus mdgaris; Microcyema in Sepia officinalis) . Unlike FIG. i. Dicyemennea eledones Wag. from the kidney of Eledone moschata.
A. Full-grown Rhombogen with fusoriform embryos (emb).
g. Part of endoderm cell where forma- tion of the embryos is actively proceeding, the Dicyemida, which are n. ect. Nucleus of ectoderm cell. n. end. Nucleus of endoderm cell. />. " Calotte."
B. Developing infusoriform embryo.
C. One fully developed.
D. " Calotte " of nine cells.
fixed in the renal cells of their host by their polar cap, the Heterocyemida are free. The number of ectoderm cells apart from the polar cap is few, some fourteen to twentv-two.
1 Bull. Ac. Belgique (1876), p. 35.
The central cell is formed by the layer of the first two blastomeres, and remains cjuiescent until surrounded by the micromeres or products of division of the smaller blastomere. It then divides unequally, and of the two cells thus formed the larger repeats the process. Each of the two small cells are now called primary germ cells," and they enter into and lie inside the Jarge central cell. The primary germ cells divide until there are eight of them all lying within the axial cell. At this stage the future of the parasite may take one of two directions. Following one path, the animal (now called a " Nematogen ") gives rise by the segmentation of its primary germ cells to vermiform larvae which, though smaller, are but replicas of the parent form. Following the other path, the animal (now termed a " Rhombogen ") gives origin to a number of " infusoriform larvae," several of these arising from each primary germ-cell. The vermiform larvae leave their Nematogen parent and swimming through the renal fluid attach themselves to the renal cells. They never leave their hrt, and die in sea-water. The infusoriform larvae have a very complicated structure; they escape from the Rhombogen, and, unlike the vermiform larvae they can live in sea-water. They possibly serve to infect new hosts. Some authorities look upon these infusoriform larvae as males, and consider that they fertilize some of the Nematogens, (From Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii., "Worms, ftc.," by permission of Macmillan & Co. Ltd. After Julin.)
FIG. 2. Rhopalura giardii Metschn. from Amphiura squamata.
rf . Full grown male X8oo.
? I. Flattened form of female X 510.
?2. Cylindrical female X 510.
which then give rise to males again, whereas the females which produce the vermiform embryos arise from unfertilized vermiform larvae. After the infusoriform larvae have left the parent's body, the Rhombogen takes to producing vermiform offspring, and thus becomes a secondary Nematogen. Thus, if the above views be correct, a Rhombogen is a protandrous hermaphrodite.
E. Nerescheimer has recently described under the name of Lohmanella catenate an organism parasitic in Fritillaria which shows marked affinities with the Rhombozoa. The genus Haplozoon of which two species have been found in the worms Travisia and Clymene by Dogiel is classed as a new group of Mesozoa.
Class II. ORTHONECTIDA (A. Giard). The Orthonectida contain animals with a central mass of eggs destined to form male and female reproductive cells surrounded by a single layer of ciliated ectoderm cells arranged in regular rings which contain varying numbers of rows of cells. Muscular fibrils occur between the outer and inner cells. The sexes are separate and unlike, and there are two kinds of females, cylindrical and flat. There are but two genera, Rhopalura and Staecharthrum, the latter found in a Polychaet. The male R. giardii lives in the body-cavity of Amphiura squamata, has six rings of ectodermal cells all ciliated except the second, whose cells contain refringent granules. The ectoderm encloses the testis, a mass of cells which have arisen from a single axial cell in the embryo. The female differs from the male in appearance, and in size it is larger. It occurs in two forms_: (i) The cylindrical with _ 8 (or 9) rows of ectoderm cells ; here as in the male the second ring is devoid of cilia. (2) The flat females are broader, uniformly ciliated, and have not rings of ectoderm cells. The central mass of cells forms ova which are free in the cylindrical forms; they leave the mother through the dehiscing of the cells of the non-ciliated ring, are fertilized and develop parthenogenetically into females both flat and cylindrical.
R. pelseneeri and 5. giardi are said to be hermaphrodite. The parasites first make their appearance in a host in the form of a plasmodium comparable with the sporocyst of a Trematode. By the segregation of nuclei and some of the surrounding protoplasm, germ cells arise which develop into ciliated larvae and ultimately into males and females which only discharge their spermatozoa and ova when they reach sea-water. The oroduct of the consequent fertilization is unknown ; presumably it infects new hosts, entering them in the form of a nucleated plasmodium.
The original idea that in the Rhombozoa and Orthonectida we had animals intermediate between the Protozoa and Metazoa is no longer widely held. The modern view is that the simplicity of their structure is secondary and not primary, and is correllated with their parasitic habit of life. They are probably derived from some Platyhelminthine ancestor and perhaps come nearer to the Trematoda than to any other group.
LITERATURE. E. van Beneden, Bull. Ac. Belgique (2), (1876) xli. 85, 116; (1876), xlii. 35; also Arch. Biol. (1882), iii. 197; C. O. Whitman, ML Slat. Neapel. (1883), iv. i; W. M. Wheeler, Zool. Anz., (1899), xxii. 169; A. Giard, Jour. anal, physiol. (1879), xv. 449; Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci. (1880), xx. 225; St Joseph, Butt. Soc. Zool. France (1896), xxi. 58; Caullery and Mesnil, C. R. ac. sci. (1899), cxxviii. 457 and 516; C. Julin, Arch. Biol. (1882), iii. i; E. Nerescheimer, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. (1904), Ixxvi. 137; V. A. Dogiel, Trail, soc. imp. natur. St Pktersbourg (1907), xxxviii. 28, and Zool. Anz. (1906), xxx. 895. (A. E. S.)
Note - this article incorporates content from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, (1910-1911)
