Mayer, Julius Robert
MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878), German physicist, was born at Heilbronn on the 25th of November 1814, studied medicine at Tubingen, Munich and Paris, and after a journey to Java in 1840 as surgeon of a Dutch vessel obtained a medical post in his native town. He claims recognition as an independent a priori propounder of the " First Law of Thermodynamics," but more especially as having early and ably applied that law to the explanation of many remarkable phenomena, both cosmical and terrestrial. His first little paper on the subject, " Bemerkungen tiber die KrSfte der unbelebten Natur," appeared in 1842 in Liebig's Annalen, five years after the republication, in the same journal, of an extract from K. F. Mohr's paper on the nature of heat, and three years later he published Die organische Bewegung in ihren Zusammenhange mil dem Stojfwechsel.
It has been repeatedly claimed for Mayer that he calculated the value of the dynamical equivalent of heat, indirectly, no doubt, but in a manner altogether free from error, and with a result according almost exactly with that obtained by J. P. Joule after years of patient labour in direct experimenting. This claim on Mayer's behalf was first shown to be baseless by W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and P. G. Tait in an article on " Energy," published in Good Words in 1862, which gave rise to a long but lively discussion. A calm and judicial annihilation of the claim is to be found in a brief article by Sir G. G. Stokes, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1871, p. 54. See also Maxwell's Theory of Heal, chap. xiii. Mayer entirely ignored the grand fundamental principle laid down by Sadi Carnot that nothing can be concluded as to the relation between heat and work from an experiment in which the working substance is left at the end of an operation in a different physical state from that in which it was at the commencement. Mayer has also been styled the discoverer of the fact that heat consists in (the energy of) motion, a matter settled at the very end of the 18th century by Count Rumford and Sir H. Davy; but in the teeth of this statement we have Mayer's own words, " We might much rather assume the contrary that in order to become heat motion must cease to be motion.
Note - this article incorporates content from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, (1910-1911)
